Sleep Medicine
Volume 8, Issue 5 , Pages 520-530 , August 2007

Diagnostic Standards for Dopaminergic Augmentation of Restless Legs Syndrome: Report from a World Association of Sleep Medicine – International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group Consensus Conference at the Max Planck Institute

  • Diego García-Borreguero

      Affiliations

    • Sleep Research Institute, Alberto Alcocer 19, 28036 Madrid, Spain
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +34 913 454 129; fax: +34 913 459 095.
  • ,
  • Richard P. Allen

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
  • ,
  • Ralf Kohnen

      Affiliations

    • IMEREM GmbH, Nürnberg, Germany
  • ,
  • Birgit Högl

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
  • ,
  • Claudia Trenkwalder

      Affiliations

    • Paracelsus-Elena Klinik, Kassel, Germany
  • ,
  • Wolfgang Oertel

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, University of Marburg, Germany
  • ,
  • Wayne A. Hening

      Affiliations

    • UMDNJ-RW Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
  • ,
  • Walter Paulus

      Affiliations

    • Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Göttingen, Germany
  • ,
  • David Rye

      Affiliations

    • Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
  • ,
  • Arthur Walters

      Affiliations

    • New Jersey Neuroscience Institute at JFK Medical Center, Seton Hall University School of Graduate Medical Education, Edison, NJ, USA
  • ,
  • Juliane Winkelmann

      Affiliations

    • Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry and Institute for Human Genetics, GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health, Munich, Germany
  • ,
  • On behalf of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG)

      Affiliations

    • Augmentation Study Group (further participants in alphabetical order): P.C. Baier (Kiel, Germany), H. Benes (Schwerin, Germany), S. Chokroverty (New Jersey, USA), A. De Weerd (Zwolle, Netherlands), C. Earley (Baltimore, USA), L. Ferini-Strambi (Milan, Italy), I. Fietze (Berlin, Germany), S. Fulda (Munich, Germany), V. Gschliesser (Innsbruck, Austria), G. Hadjigeorgiou (Larissa, Greece), S. Happe (Bremen, Germany), M. Hornyak (Freiburg, Germany), D. Kaynak (Istanbul, Turkey), R. Poryazova (Zurich, Switzerland), L. Rijsman (The Hague, The Netherlands), M.C. Rodriguez Oroz (Pamplona, Spain), K. Stiasny-Kolster (Marburg, Germany), W. Zieglgänsberger (Munich, Germany), M. Zucconi (Milan, Italy).

Received 27 January 2007 ,Revised 6 March 2007 ,Accepted 17 March 2007.

References 

  1. Akpinar S. Treatment of restless legs syndrome with levodopa plus benserazide. Arch Neurol. 1982;39:739
  2. von Scheele C, Kempi V. Long-term effect of dopaminergic drugs in restless legs. A 2-year follow-up. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:1223–1224
  3. Garcia-Borreguero D, Grunstein R, Sridhar G, Dreykluft T, Montagna P, Lainey E et al. A 52-week open-label study of the long-term safety of ropinirole in patients with restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med, in press, doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2006.09.009.
  4. Trenkwalder C, Collado-Seidel V, Kazenwadel J, Wetter T, Oertel W, Selzer R, et al. One-year treatment with standard and sustained-release levodopa: appropriate long-term treatment of restless legs syndrome?. Mov Disord. 2003;18:1184–1189
  5. Benes H, Heinrich CR, Ueberall MA, Kohnen R. Long-term safety and efficacy of cabergoline for the treatment of idiopathic restless legs syndrome: results from an open-label 6-month clinical trial. Sleep. 2004;27:674–682
  6. Stiasny-Kolster K, Benes H, Peglau I, Hornyak M, Holinka B, Wessel K, et al. Effective cabergoline treatment in idiopathic restless legs syndrome. Neurology. 2004;63:2272–2279
  7. Stiasny K, Wetter TC, Winkelmann J, Brandenburg U, Penzel T, Rubin M, et al. Long-term effects of pergolide in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Neurology. 2001;56:1399–1402
  8. Trenkwalder C, Hundemer HP, Lledo A, Swieca J, Polo O, Wetter TC, et al. Efficacy of pergolide in treatment of restless legs syndrome: the PEARLS Study. Neurology. 2004;62:1391–1397
  9. Montplaisir J, Denesle R, Petit D. Pramipexole in the treatment of restless legs syndrome: a follow-up study. Eur J Neurol. 2000;7:27–31
  10. Ondo W, Romanyshyn J, Vuong KD, Lai D. Long-term treatment of restless legs syndrome with dopamine agonists. Arch Neurol. 2004;61:1393–1397
  11. Earley CJ, Allen RP. Pergolide and carbidopa/levodopa treatment of the restless legs syndrome and periodic leg movements in sleep in a consecutive series of patients. Sleep. 1996;19:801–810
  12. Happe S, Trenkwalder C. Role of dopamine receptor agonists in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. CNS Drugs. 2004;18:27–36
  13. Collado-Seidel V, Winkelmann J, Trenkwalder C. Aetiology and treatment of restless legs syndrome. CNS Drugs. 1999;12:9–20
  14. Collado-Seidel V, Kazenwadel J, Wetter TC, Kohnen R, Winkelmann J, Selzer R, et al. A controlled study of additional sr-l-Dopa in l-Dopa-responsive restless legs syndrome with late-night symptoms. Neurology. 1999;52:285–290
  15. Winkelmann J, Trenkwalder C. Pathophysiology of restless-legs syndrome. Review of current research. Nervenarzt. 2001;100–107
  16. Allen RP, Earley CJ. Augmentation of the restless legs syndrome with carbidopa/levodopa. Sleep. 1996;19:205–213
  17. Silber MH, Shepard JW, Wisbey JA. Pergolide in the management of restless legs syndrome: an extended study. Sleep. 1997;20:878–882
  18. Winkelman JW, Johnston L. Augmentation and tolerance with long-term pramipexole treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS). Sleep Med. 2004;5:9–14
  19. Ferini-Strambi L. Restless legs syndrome augmentation and pramipexole treatment. Sleep Med. 2002;3(Suppl):S23–S25
  20. Vetrugno R, Contin M, Baruzzi A, Provini F, Plazzi G, Montagna P. Polysomnographic and pharmacokinetic findings in levodopa-induced augmentation of restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord. 2006;21:254–258
  21. Allen RP, Picchietti D, Hening WA, Trenkwalder C, Walters AS, Montplaisir J. Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Sleep Med. 2003;4:101–119
  22. Garcia-Borreguero D, Kohnen R, Högl B, Ferini-Strambi L, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Hornyak M et al. Validation of the Augmentation Severity Rating Scale (ASRS): A multicentric, prospective study with levodopa on restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2007;8(5):455–63.
  23. Allen RP, Walters AS, Montplaisir J, Hening W, Myers A, Bell TJ, et al. Restless legs syndrome prevalence and impact: REST general population study. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1286–1292
  24. Walters AS, LeBrocq C, Dhar A, Hening W, Rosen R, Allen RP, et al. Validation of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group rating scale for restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2003;4:121–132
  25. Walters AS, Hickey K, Maltzman J, Verrico T, Joseph D, Hening W, et al. A questionnaire study of 138 patients with restless legs syndrome: the ’Night-Walkers’ survey. Neurology. 1996;46:92–95
  26. Montplaisir J, Boucher S, Poirier G, Lavigne G, Lapierre O, Lesperance P. Clinical, polysomnographic, and genetic characteristics of restless legs syndrome: a study of 133 patients diagnosed with new standard criteria. Mov Disord. 1997;12:61–65
  27. Winkelmann J, Wetter TC, Collado-Seidel V, Gasser T, Dichgans M, Yassouridis A, et al. Clinical characteristics and frequency of the hereditary restless legs syndrome in a population of 300 patients. Sleep. 2000;23:597–602
  28. Michaud M, Dumont M, Paquet J, Desautels A, Fantini ML, Montplaisir J. Circadian variation of the effects of immobility on symptoms of restless legs syndrome. Sleep. 2005;28:843–846
  29. Garcia-Borreguero D, Larrosa O, De la Llave Y, Granizo JJ, Allen R. Correlation between rating scales and sleep laboratory measurements in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2004;5:561–565
  30. Silber MH, Girish M, Izurieta R. Pramipexole in the management of restless legs syndrome: an extended study. Sleep. 2003;26:819–821
  31. Trenkwalder C, Benes H, Grote L, Happe S, Högl B, Mathis J, et al. Cabergoline compared to levodopa in the treatment of patients with severe restless legs syndrome: Results from a multicenter, randomized, active controlled trial. Mov Disord. 2007;22:696–703
  32. Earley C, Allen R. Restless Legs syndrome augmentation associated with tramadol. Sleep Med. 2006;7(7):592–593
  33. Vetrugno R, La Morgia C, D’Angelo R, Loi D, Provini F, Plazzi G, et al. Augmentation of restless legs syndrome with long-term tramadol treatment. Mov Disord. 2007;22(3):424–427
  34. Fuente-Fernandez R, Sossi V, Huang Z, Furtado S, Lu JQ, Calne DB, et al. Levodopa-induced changes in synaptic dopamine levels increase with progression of Parkinson’s disease: implications for dyskinesias. Brain. 2004;127:2747–2754
  35. Clemens S, Rye D, Hochman S. Restless legs syndrome: revisiting the dopamine hypothesis from the spinal cord perspective. Neurology. 2006;67:125–130
  36. Bara-Jimenez W, Aksu M, Graham B, Sato S, Hallett M. Periodic limb movements in sleep: state-dependent excitability of the spinal flexor reflex. Neurology. 2000;54:1609–1616
  37. Paulus W, Schomburg ED. Dopamine and the spinal cord in restless legs syndrome: does spinal cord physiology reveal a basis for augmentation?. Sleep Med Rev. 2006;10:185–196
  38. Paulus W, Trenkwalder C. Less is more: pathophysiology of dopaminergic-therapy-related augmentation in restless legs syndrome. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:878–886
  39. Bartlett SE, Enquist J, Hopf FW, Lee JH, Gladher F, Kharazia V, et al. Dopamine responsiveness is regulated by targeted sorting of D2 receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:11521–11526
  40. Erikson KM, Jones BC, Hess EJ, Zhang Q, Beard JL. Iron deficiency decreases dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in rat brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2001;69:409–418
  41. Kurlan R, Richard IH, Deeley C. Medication tolerance and augmentation in restless legs syndrome: the need for drug class rotation. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21:C1–C4
  42. Silber MH, Ehrenberg BL, Allen RP, Buchfuhrer MJ, Earley CJ, Hening WA, et al. An algorithm for the management of restless legs syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;79:916–922
  43. Allen RP, Earley CJ. Validation of the Johns Hopkins restless legs severity scale. Sleep Med. 2001;2:239–242

PII: S1389-9457(07)00138-4

doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2007.03.022

Sleep Medicine
Volume 8, Issue 5 , Pages 520-530 , August 2007