Sleep Medicine
Volume 8, Issue 6 , Pages 681-687 , September 2007

Circadian rhythms and sleep-related breathing disorders

Received 9 July 2006 ,Revised 2 November 2006 ,Accepted 11 November 2006.

References 

  1. Phillipson EA, Bowes G. Control of breathing during sleep. In:  Cherniack NS,  Widdicombe JG editor. Handbook of Physiology, Section 3: The Respiratory System. Baltimore, MD: American Physiological Society; 1986;p. 649–689
  2. Phillipson EA. Sleep apnea-a major public health problem. New England J Med. 1993;328(17):1271–1273
  3. Czeisler CA, Weitzman E, Moore-Ede MC, Zimmerman JC, Knauer RS. Human sleep: its duration and organization depend on its circadian phase. Science. 1980;210:1264–1267
  4. Stephenson R, Mohan RM, Duffin J, Jarsky TM. Circadian rhythms in the chemoreflex control of breathing. Am J Physiol. 2000;278:R282–R286
  5. Spengler CM, Czeisler CA, Shea SA. An endogenous circadian rhythm of respiratory control in humans. J Physiol Lond. 2000;526(3):683–694
  6. Stephenson R. Do circadian rhythms in respiratory control contribute to sleep related breathing disorders?. Sleep Med Rev. 2003;7(6):475–490
  7. Mistlberger RE, Rusak B. Circadian rhythms in mammals: formal properties and environmental influences. In:  Kryger MH,  Roth T,  Dement WC editor. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. 3rd ed.. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2000;p. 321–333
  8. Moore-Ede MC. Physiology of the circadian timing system: predictive versus reactive homeostasis. Am J Physiol. 1986;R735–R752
  9. Aschoff J. Survival value of diurnal rhythms. Symp Zool Soc Lond. 1964;13:79–98
  10. Ouyang Y, Andersson CR, Kondo T, Golden SS, Johnson CH. Resonating circadian clocks enhance fitness in cyanobacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998;95:8660–8664
  11. DeCoursey PJ, Walker JK, Smith SA. A circadian pacemaker in free-living chipmunk: essential for survival?. J Comp Physiol A. 2000;186:169–180
  12. Stephenson R, Liao KS, Hamrahi H, Horner RL. Circadian rhythms and sleep have additive effects on respiration in the rat. J Physiol (Lond). 2001;536:225–235
  13. Dijk DJ, Czeisler CA. Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans. J Neurosci. 1995;15:3526–3538
  14. Bosco G, Ionadi A, Panico S, Faralli F, Gagliardi R, Data P, et al. Effects of hypoxia on the circadian patterns in men. High Alt Med Biol. 2003;4(3):305–318
  15. Vargas M, Jimenez D, Leon-Velarde F, Osorio J, Mortola JP. Circadian patterns in men acclimatized to intermittent hypoxia. Respir Physiol. 2001;126:233–243
  16. Bonnet JL, Vai F, Pioger G, Garrigue S, Clémenty J, Cazeau S. Circadian variations in minute ventilation can be reproduced by a pacemaker sensor. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998;21:701–705
  17. Piccione G, Caola G, Mortola J. Scaling the daily oscillations of breathing frequency and skin temperature in mammals. Comp Biochem Physiol A. 2005;140:477–486
  18. Mortola J. Breathing around the clock: an overview of the circadian pattern of respiration. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;91:119–129
  19. Saiki C, Mortola JP. Hypoxia abolishes the morning–night differences of metabolism and ventilation in 6-day-old rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1995;73:159–164
  20. Peever JH, Stephenson R. Day–night differences in the respiratory response to hypercapnia in awake adult rats. Respir Physiol. 1997;109:241–248
  21. Seifert EL, Mortola JP. The circadian pattern of breathing in conscious adult rats. Respir Physiol. 2002;129:297–305
  22. Phillipson EA, Duffin J, Cooper JD. Critical dependence of respiratory rhythmicity on metabolic CO2 load. J Appl Physiol. 1981;50:45–54
  23. Mortola J, Lanthier C. Scaling the amplitudes of the circadian pattern of resting oxygen consumption, body temperaure and heart rate in mammals. Comp Biochem Physiol A. 2004;139:83–95
  24. Kräuchi K, Wirz-Justice A. Circadian rhythm of heat production, heart rate, and skin and core temperature under unmasking conditions in men. Am J Physiol. 1994;267:R819–R829
  25. Robin ED, Whaley RD, Crump CH, Travis DM. Alveolar gas tensions, pulmonary ventilation and blood pH during physiologic sleep in normal subjects. J Clin Invest. 1958;37:981–989
  26. Piccione G, Caola G, Mortola J. Day/night pattern of arterial blood gases in the cow. Respir Physiol. 2004;140:33–41
  27. Spengler CM, Shea SA. Endogenous circadian rhythm of pulmonary function in healthy humans. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2000;162:1038–1046
  28. Syabbalo N. Chronobiology and chronopathophysiology of nocturnal asthma. Int J Clin Practice. 1997;51(7):455–462
  29. Ballard RD, Saathoff MC, Patel DK, Kelly PL, Martin RJ. Effect of sleep on nocturnal bronchoconstriction and ventilatory patterns in asthmatics. J Appl Physiol. 1989;67(1):243–249
  30. Horner RL. Motor control of the pharyngeal musculature and implications for the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 1996;19(10):827–853
  31. Koepchen H, Loeschcke G, Loeschcke H. Über die Wirkung von adrenocorticotropem Hormon auf die Lungenventilation des Menschen. Pflügers Archiv. 1954;258:475–480
  32. Raschke F, Möller KH. Untersuchungen zur Tagesrhythmik der Chemosensitivität und deren Beitrag zu nächtlichen Atmungsregulationsstörungen. Pneumologie. 1989;43:568–571
  33. Seifert EL, Mortola JP. Circadian pattern of ventilation during acute and chronic hypercapnia in conscious adult rats. Am J Physiol. 2002;282:R244–R251
  34. Woodin MA, Stephenson R. Circadian rhythms in diving behavior and ventilatory response to asphyxia in canvasback ducks. Am J Physiol. 1998;274:R686–R693
  35. Seifert EL, Mortola JP. Circadian pattern of ventilation during prolonged hypoxia in conscious rats. Resp Physiol Neurobiol. 2002;133:23–34
  36. Bellia V, Cuttitta G, Cibella F, Vignola AM, Crescimanno G, D’Accardi P, et al. Effect of ageing on peak expiratory flow variability and nocturnal exacerbations in bronchial asthma. Eur Resp J. 1997;10:1803–1808
  37. Hakala K, Stenius-Aaniala B, Sovijarvi A. Effects of weight loss on peak flow variability, airways obstruction, and lung volumes in obese patients with asthma. Chest. 2000;118:1315–1321
  38. Cuttitta G, Cibella F, Visconti A, Scichilone N, Bellia V, Bonsignore G. Spontaneous gastroesophageal reflux and airway patency during the night in adult asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(177–181):
  39. Weersink E, Postma D. Nocturnal asthma: not a separate disease entity. Respir Med. 1994;88:483–491
  40. Younes M, Ostrowski M, Thompson W, Leslie C, Shewchuk W. Chemical control stability in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1181–1190
  41. Stephenson R. A theoretical study of the effect of circadian rhythms on sleep-induced periodic breathing and apnoea. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2004;139:303–319
  42. Khoo MCK. Determinants of ventilatory instability and variability. Respir Physiol. 2000;122:167–182
  43. Charbonneau M, Marin J, Olha A, Kimoff J, Levy R, Cosio M. Changes in obstructive sleep apnea characteristics through the night. Chest. 1994;106(6):1695–1701
  44. Scharf S, Garshick E, Brown R, Tishler P, Tosteson T, McCarley R. Screening for subclinical sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep. 1990;13(4):344–353
  45. Smith C, Nakayama H, Dempsey JA. The essential role of carotid body chemoreceptors in sleep apnea. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2003;81:774–779
  46. Stephenson R, Horner R. The effect of time of day on apnoea index in the sleeping rat. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2006;154:351–355
  47. Mendelson WB, Martin JV, Perlis M, Giesen H, Wagner R, Rapoport SI. Periodic cessation of respiratory effort during sleep in adult rats. Physiol Behav. 1988;43:229–234
  48. Fuse K, Satoh M, Yokota T, Ohdaira T, Muramatsu Y, Suzuki E, et al. Regulation of ventilation before and after sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Respirol. 1999;4:125–130
  49. Mahamed S, Hanly P, Gabor J, Beecroft J, Duffin J. Overnight changes of chemoreflex control in obstructive sleep apnoea patients. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2005;146:279–290
  50. Schäfer T. Variability of vigilance and ventilation: studies on the control of respiration during sleep. Respir Physiol. 1998;114:37–48

 Financial Disclosure: The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada fund the author’s research described in this paper.

PII: S1389-9457(06)00682-4

doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2006.11.009

Sleep Medicine
Volume 8, Issue 6 , Pages 681-687 , September 2007