Sleep Medicine
Volume 7, Issue 4 , Pages 327-332 , June 2006

The Epworth sleepiness scale: relationship to sleep and mental disorders in a sleep clinic

  • Kent J. DeZee

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, William Beaumont Army Medical Center, 5005 N. Piedras Street, El Paso, TX 79920-5001, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 915 569 2180; fax: +1 915 569 1919.
    • ,
  • Jeffrey L. Jackson

      Affiliations

    • Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
    • ,
  • Christos Hatzigeorgiou

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, Tripler Army Medical Center, 1 Jarrett White Road, Tripler, HI 96859, USA
    • ,
  • David Kristo

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 6900 Georgia Avenue, Washington, DC 20307, USA

Received 3 June 2005 ,Revised 31 October 2005 ,Accepted 5 November 2005.

References 

  1. Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep. 1991;14(6):540–545
  2. Johns M. Rethinking the assessment of sleepiness. Sleep Med Rev. 1998;2(1):3–15
  3. Lundt L. Use of the Epworth sleepiness scale to evaluate the symptom of excessive sleepiness in major depressive disorder. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2005;27(2):146–148
  4. Renko AK, Hiltunen L, Laakso M, et al. The relationship of glucose tolerance to sleep disorders and daytime sleepiness. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005;67(1):84–91
  5. Whitney CW, Enright PL, Newman AB, et al. Correlates of daytime sleepiness in 4578 elderly persons: the cardiovascular health study. Sleep. 1998;21(1):27–36
  6. Hublin C, Kaprio J, Partinen M, et al. Daytime sleepiness in an adult Finnish population. J Intern Med. 1996;239(5):417–423
  7. Akashiba T, Kawahara S, Akahoshi T, et al. Relationship between quality of life and mood or depression in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest. 2002;122(3):861–865
  8. Aloia MS, Arnedt JT, Smith L, et al. Examining the construct of depression in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Med. 2005;6(2):115–121
  9. Briones B, Adams N, Strauss M, et al. Relationship between sleepiness and general health status. Sleep. 1996;19(7):583–588
  10. Olson LG, Cole MF, Ambrogetti A. Correlations among Epworth sleepiness scale scores, multiple sleep latency tests and psychological symptoms. J Sleep Res. 1998;7(4):248–253
  11. Sforza E, de Saint Hilaire Z, Pelissolo A, et al. Personality, anxiety and mood traits in patients with sleep-related breathing disorders: effect of reduced daytime alertness. Sleep Med. 2002;3(2):139–145
  12. Weaver EM, Kapur V, Yueh B. Polysomnography vs self-reported measures in patients with sleep apnea. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130(4):453–458
  13. Chervin RD, Aldrich MS, Pickett R, Guilleminault C. Comparison of the results of the Epworth sleepiness scale and the multiple sleep latency test. J Psychosom Res. 1997;42(2):145–155
  14. Guilleminault C, Black JE, Palombini L, Ohayon M. A clinical investigation of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) patients. Sleep Med. 2000;1(1):51–56
  15. Guilleminault C, Do Kim Y, Chowdhuri S, et al. Sleep and daytime sleepiness in upper airway resistance syndrome compared to obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. Eur Respir J. 2001;17(5):838–847
  16. Johns MW. Daytime sleepiness, snoring, and obstructive sleep apnea. The Epworth sleepiness scale. Chest. 1993;103(1):30–36
  17. DeZee K, Hatzigeorgiou C, Kristo D, Jackson J. Prevalence of and screening for mental disorders in a sleep clinic. J Clin Sleep Med. 2005;1(2):136–142
  18. Jackson JL, Cheng EY, Jones DL, Meyer G. Comparison of discharge diagnoses and inpatient procedures between military and civilian health care systems. Mil Med. 1999;164(10):701–704
  19. Jackson JL, O'Malley PG, Kroenke K. A psychometric comparison of military and civilian medical practices. Mil Med. 1999;164(2):112–115
  20. Jackson JL, Strong J, Cheng EY, Meyer G. Patients, diagnoses, and procedures in a military internal medicine clinic: comparison with civilian practices. Mil Med. 1999;164(3):194–197
  21. Ware J, Nelson E, Sherbourne C, Stewart A. Preliminary tests of a 6-item general health survey: a patient application. In:  Ware J,  Stewart A editor. Measuring functioning and well being. The medical outcomes study approach. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; 1992;p. 291–308
  22. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–613
  23. Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Kroenke K, et al. Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care. The PRIME-MD 1000 study. J Am Med Assoc. 1994;272(22):1749–1756
  24. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosom Med. 2002;64(2):258–266
  25. American Sleep Disorders Association . The international classification of sleep disorders, revised: diagnostic and coding manual. Rochester, MN: American Sleep Disorders Association; 1997;
  26. American Sleep Disorders Association . The international classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual. 2nd ed. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2005;
  27. Chervin RD, Aldrich MS. The Epworth sleepiness scale may not reflect objective measures of sleepiness or sleep apnea. Neurology. 1999;52(1):125–131
  28. Endeshaw YW, Johnson TM, Kutner MH, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing and nocturia in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(6):957–960
  29. Osman EZ, Osborne J, Hill PD, Lee BW. The Epworth sleepiness scale: can it be used for sleep apnoea screening among snorers?. Clin Otolaryngol. 1999;24(3):239–241
  30. Sauter C, Asenbaum S, Popovic R, et al. Excessive daytime sleepiness in patients suffering from different levels of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. J Sleep Res. 2000;9(3):293–301
  31. Serafini FM, MacDowell Anderson W, Rosemurgy AS, et al. Clinical predictors of sleep apnea in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2001;11(1):28–31
  32. Dattilo DJ, Drooger SA. Outcome assessment of patients undergoing maxillofacial procedures for the treatment of sleep apnea: comparison of subjective and objective results. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62(2):164–168
  33. Goncalves MA, Paiva T, Ramos E, Guilleminault C. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, sleepiness, and quality of life. Chest. 2004;125(6):2091–2096
  34. Gottlieb DJ, Whitney CW, Bonekat WH, et al. Relation of sleepiness to respiratory disturbance index: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159(2):502–507
  35. Walter TJ, Foldvary N, Mascha E, et al. Comparison of Epworth sleepiness scale scores by patients with obstructive sleep apnea and their bed partners. Sleep Med. 2002;3(1):29–32
  36. Anderson FE, Kingshott RN, Taylor DR, et al. A randomized crossover efficacy trial of oral CPAP (oracle) compared with nasal CPAP in the management of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2003;26(6):721–726
  37. Chin K, Fukuhara S, Takahashi K, et al. Response shift in perception of sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome before and after treatment with nasal CPAP. Sleep. 2004;27(3):490–493
  38. Hardinge FM, Pitson DJ, Stradling JR. Use of the Epworth sleepiness scale to demonstrate response to treatment with nasal continuous positive airways pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. Respir Med. 1995;89(9):617–620
  39. Jenkinson C, Davies RJ, Mullins R, Stradling JR. Comparison of therapeutic and subtherapeutic nasal continuous positive airway pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomised prospective parallel trial. Lancet. 1999;353(9170):2100–2105

PII: S1389-9457(05)00266-2

doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2005.11.001

Sleep Medicine
Volume 7, Issue 4 , Pages 327-332 , June 2006

Article Tools