Sleep Medicine
Volume 5 , Pages S2-S8 , 2004

Sleep, sleep disorders and hypocretin (orexin)

References 

  1. Hublin C, Partinen M, Kaprio J, et al.  Epidemiology of narcolepsy. Sleep. 1994;17(Suppl 8):S7–S12
  2. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Caulet M, Guilleminault C. Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations: pathological phenomena?. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;169:459–467
  3. Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Zulley J, et al.  Prevalence of narcolepsy symptomatology and diagnosis in the European general population. Neurology. 2002;58:1826–1833
  4. Mignot E, Lammers GJ, Ripley B, et al.  The role of cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin in the diagnosis of narcolepsy and other hypersomnias. Arch Neurol. 2002;59:1553–1562
  5. Silber MH, Krahn LE, Olson EJ, Pankratz VS. The epidemiology of narcolepsy in Olmsted County, Minnesota: A population-based study. Sleep. 2002;25:197–202
  6. Okun M, Lin L, Pelin Z, et al.  Clinical aspects of narcolepsy-cataplexy across ethnic groups. Sleep. 2002;25:27–35
  7. Bassetti C, Aldrich MS. Narcolepsy. Neurol Clin. 1996;14:545–571
  8. Chabas D, Taheri S, Renier C, Mignot E. The genetics of narcolepsy. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2003;4:459–483
  9. Mignot E. Genetic and familial aspects of narcolepsy. Neurology. 1998;50(Suppl 1):S16–S22
  10. Mignot E, Hayduk R, Black J, et al.  HLA DQB1*0602 is associated with cataplexy in 509 narcoleptic patients. Sleep. 1997;20:1012–1020
  11. Hong SC, Leen-Kim , Park SA, et al.  HLA and hypocretin studies in Korean patients with narcolepsy. Sleep. 2002;25:440–444
  12. Hartwig G, Harsh J, Ripley B, et al.  Low cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin levels found in familial narcolepsy. Sleep MMed. 2001;2:451–453
  13. Dauvilliers Y, Carlander B, Molinari N, et al.  Month of birth as a risk factor for narcolepsy. Sleep. 2003;26:663–665
  14. Lankford DA, Wellman JJ, O Hara C. Posttraumatic narcolepsy in mild to moderate closed head injury. Sleep. 1994;17(Suppl 8):S25–S28
  15. Orellana C, Villemin E, Tafti M, et al.  Life events in the year preceding the onset of narcolepsy. Sleep. 1994;17(Suppl 8):S50–S53
  16. Lin L, Hungs M, Mignot E. Narcolepsy and the HLA region. J Neuroimmunol. 2001;117(1–2):9–20
  17. Matsuki K, Juji T, Honda Y. Imunological features in Japan. In:  Honda Y,  Juji T editor. HLA and Narcolepsy. New York: Springer; 1988;p. 58–76
  18. Rubin R, Hajdukovic RM, Mitler MM. HLA DR2 association with excessive somnolence in narcolepsy does not generate to sleep apnea and is not accompanied by systemic autoimmune abnormalities. Clin Immun Immunopathol. 1988;49:149–159
  19. Frederickson S, Carlander B, Billiard M, Link H. CSF immune variable in patients with narcolepsy. Immunogenetics. 1997;46:410–417
  20. Black JL, Krahn LE, Pankratz VS, Michael S. Search for neuron-specific and nonneuron-specific antibodies in narcoleptic patients with and without HLA DQB1*0602. Sleep. 2002;25:719–723
  21. Hinze-Selch D, Wetter TC, Zhang Y, et al.  In vivo and in vitro immune variables in patients with narcolepsy and HLA-DR2 matched controls. Neurology. 1998;50:1149–1152
  22. Mignot E, Lin L, Rogers W, et al.  Complex HLA-DR and DQ interactions confer risk for narcolepsy-cataplexy in three ethnic groups. Am J Human Genetics. 2001;68:686–699
  23. Nishino S, Mignot E. Pharmacological aspects of human and canine narcolepsy. Prog Neurobiol. 1997;52:27–78
  24. U.S. Xyrem Multicenter Study Group . A 12-month, open-label, multicenter extension trial of orally administered sodium oxybate for the treatment of narcolepsy. Sleep. 2003;26:31–35
  25. Lin L, Faraco J, Li R, Kadotani H, et al.  The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene. Cell. 1999;98:365–376
  26. Chemelli RM, Willie JT, Sinton CM, et al.  Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: molecular genetics of sleep regulation. Cell. 1999;98:437–510
  27. Sakurai T, Amemiya A, Ishii M, et al.  Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior. Cell. 1998;92:573–585
  28. De Lecea L, Kilduff TS, Peyron C, et al.  The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity. In: 4th edition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;p. 322–327
  29. Taheri S, Zeitger JM, Mignot E. The role of hypocretins (orexins) in sleep regulation and narcolepsy. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2002;25:283–313
  30. Hungs M, Lin L, Okun M, Mignot E. Polymorphisms in the vicinity of the hypocretin/orexin are not associated with human narcolepsy. Neurology. 2001;57:1893–1895
  31. Peyron C, Faraco J, Rogers W, et al.  A mutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains. Nat Med. 2000;6:991–997
  32. Olafsdottir BR, Rye DB, Scammell TE. Polymorphisms in hypocretin/orexin pathway genes and narcolepsy. Neurology. 2001;57:1896–1899
  33. Thannickal TC, Moore RY, Nienhuis R, et al.  Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy. Neuron. 2000;27:469–474
  34. Nishino S, Ripley B, Overeem S, et al.  Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy. Lancet. 2000;355:39–40
  35. Ripley B, Fujiki N, Okura M, et al.  Hypocretin levels in sporadic and familial cases of canine narcolepsy. Neurobiol Dis. 2001;8:525–534
  36. Hungs M, Mignot E. Hypocretin/orexin, sleep and narcolepsy. Bioessays. 2001;23:397–408
  37. Bourgin P, Huitrón-Résendiz S, Spier AD, et al.  Hypocretin-1 modulates rapid eye movement sleep through activation of locus coeruleus neurons. J Neurosci. 2000;20:7760–7765
  38. Sutcliffe JG, de Lecea L. The hypocretins: excitatory neuromodulatory peptides for multiple homeostatic systems, including sleep and feeding. J Neurosci Res. 2000;62:161–168
  39. Peyron C, Tighe DK, van den Pol AN, et al.  Neurons containing hypocretin (orexin) project to multiple neuronal systems. J Neurosci. 1998;18:9996–10015
  40. Nambu T, Sakurai T, Mizukami K, et al.  distribution of orexin neurons in the adult rat brain. Brain Res. 1999;827:243–260
  41. Trivedi P, Yu H, MacNeil DJ, et al.  Distribution of orexin receptor mRNA in the rat brain. FEBS Lett. 1998;438:71–75
  42. Lu XY, Bagnol D, Burke S, et al.  Differential distribution and regulation of OX1 and OX2 orexin/hypocretin receptor messenger RNA in the brain upon fasting. Horm Behav. 2000;37:335–344
  43. Marcus JN, Aschkenasi CJ, Lee CE, et al.  Differential expression of orexin receptors 1 and 2 in the rat brain. J Comp Neurol. 2001;435:6–25
  44. Bernardis LL, Bellinger LL. The lateral hypothalamic area revisited: neuroanatomy, body weight regulation, neuroendocrinology and metabolism. Neurosci Biobehave Rev. 1993;17:141–193
  45. Honda Y, Doi Y, Ninomiya R, Ninomiya C. Increased frequency of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus among narcoleptic patients. Sleep. 1986;9:254–259
  46. Mayer G, Hellmann F, Leonhard E, Meier-Ewert K. Circadian temperature and activity rhythms in unmedicated narcoleptic patients. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1997;58:395–402
  47. Sachs C, Kaijser L. Autonomic regulation of cardiopulmonary functions in sleep apnea syndrome and narcolepsy. Sleep. 1982;5:227–238
  48. Schuld A, Hebebrand J, Geller F, Pollmacher T. Increased body-mass index in patients with narcolepsy. Lancet. 2000;355:1274–1275
  49. Overeem S, Scammell TE, Lammers GJ. Hypocretin/orexin and sleep: implications for the pathophysiology and diagnosis of narcolepsy. Curr Opin Neurol. 2002;15:739–745
  50. Nishino S, Ripley B, Overeem S, et al.  Low cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin (Orexin) and altered energy homeostasis in human narcolepsy. Ann Neurol. 2001;50:381–388
  51. Kok SW, Meinders AE, Overeem S, et al.  Reduction of plasma leptin levels and loss of its circadian rhythmicity in hypocretin (orexin)-deficient narcoleptic humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:805–809
  52. Ida T, Nakahara K, Katayama T, et al.  Effect of lateral cerebroventricular injection of the appetite-stimulating neuropeptide, orexin and neuropeptide Y, on the various behavioral activities of rats. Brain Res. 1999;821:526–529
  53. Håkansson M, de Lecea L, Sutcliffe JG, et al.  Leptin receptor- and STAT3-immunoreactivities in hypocretin/orexin neurones of the lateral hypothalamus. J Neuroendocrinol. 1999;11:653–663
  54. Yamanaka A, Willie JT, Hara J, et al.  Regulation of orexin neurons by peripheral nutritional signals. Sleep. 2002;25:A357; (Suppl)
  55. Fujiki N, Yoshida Y, Ripley B, et al.  Changes in CSF hypocretin-1 (orexin A) levels in rats across 24 hours and in response to food deprivation. Neuroreport. 2001;17:993–997
  56. Yoshida Y, Fujiki N, Nakajima T, et al.  Fluctuation of extracellular hypocretin-1 (orexin A) levels in the rat in relation to the light-dark cycle and sleep-wake activities. Eur J Neurosci. 2001;14:1075–1081
  57. Zeitzer JM, Buckmaster CL, Parker KJ, et al.  Circadian and homeostatic regulation of hypocretin in a primate model: implications for the consolidation of wakefulness. J Neurosci. 2003;23:3555–3560
  58. Salomon RM, Ripley B, Kennedy JS, et al.  Diurnal variation of cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1 (Orexin-A) levels in control and depressed subjects. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:96–104
  59. Nishino S, Fujiki N, Ripley B, et al.  Decreased brain histamine content in hypocretin/orexin receptor-2 mutated narcoleptic dogs. Neurosci Lett. 2001;313:125–128
  60. Lin JS, Hou Y, Sakai K, Jouvet M. Histaminergic descending inputs to the mesopontine tegmentum and their role in the control of cortical activation and wakefulness in the cat. J Neurosci. 1996;16:1523–1537
  61. Ripley B, Overeem S, Fujiki N, et al.  CSF hypocretin/orexin levels in narcolepsy and other neurological conditions. Neurology. 2001;57:2253–2258
  62. Mignot EJ, Dement WC. Narcolepsy in animals and man. Equine Vet J. 1993;25:476–477
  63. Dean RR, Kilduff TS, Dement WC, Grumet FC. Narcolepsy without unique MHC class II antigen association: studies in the canine model. Hum Immunol. 1989;25:27–35
  64. Dauvilliers Y, Baumann CR, Carlander B, et al.  CSF hypocretin-1 levels in narcolepsy, Kleine-levin syndrome, and other hypersomnias and neurological conditions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:1667–1673
  65. Bassetti C, Gugger M, Bischof M, et al.  The narcoleptic borderland: a multimodal diagnostic approach including cerebrospinal fluid levels of hypocretin-1 (orexin A). Sleep. 2003;4:7–12
  66. Nishino S, Kanbayashi T, Fujiki N, et al.  CSF hypocretin levels in Guillain-Barre syndrome and other inflammatory neuropathies. Neurology. 2003;23, 61:823–825
  67. Martinez-Rodriguez JE, Lin L, Iranzo A, et al.  Decreased hypocretin-1 (Orexin-A) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with myotonic dystrophy and excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep. 2003;26:287–290
  68. Aldrich MS, Naylor MW. Narcolepsy associated with lesions of the diencephalon. Neurology. 1989;39:1505–1508
  69. Melberg A, Ripley B, Lin L, et al.  Hypocretin deficiency in familial symptomatic narcolepsy. Ann Neurol. 2001;49:136–137
  70. Scammell TE, Nishino S, Mignot E, Saper CB. Narcolepsy and low CSF orexin (hypocretin) concentration after a diencephalic stroke. Neurology. 2001;26:1751–1753
  71. Maquet P, Peters J, Aerts J, et al.  Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. Nature. 1996;383:163–166

PII: S1389-9457(04)90001-9

Sleep Medicine
Volume 5 , Pages S2-S8 , 2004

Article Tools